Innate and trained immunity in autoimmune diseases

Morozova O.V., Ospelnikova Т.Р.

National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology of N.F. Gamaleya of the Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow
Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow
Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
Federal State Budget Scientific Institution Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera of I.I. Mechnikov, Moscow, Russia

Despite the evolutionarily ancient mechanisms of recognition of "own" and "foreign" materials, positive and negative selection of lymphocytes against the own biomolecules and mother's antigens in utero, disturbance of cytokine production with immunological memory about previous exogenous and endogenous stimuli can cause autoimmune pathologies. Our goal was to analyze cytokines in human autoimmune diseases. Systemic and organ-specific autoimmune diseases are characterized by elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Repeated stimulations of innate immunity receptors with exogenous and endogenous ligands cause fast and enhanced expression of cytokine genes. Nonspecific trained innate immunity can lead to disruption of immunological tolerance to autoantigens due to the accidental coincidence of spatial conformations of ligands for innate immunity receptors. Long-term treatment of autoimmune multiple sclerosis with interferon could induce binding and neutralizing antibodies, which leads to resistance and the need for a therapy change.